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Many ideas explain how a person's childhood influences their later life. The conceptual framework of the concept can be understood from some of the following psychological theories, which include:

Psychoanalytic Theory

This theory is based on Sigmund Freud's concept of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis investigates the unconscious mind, specifically how factors people are unaware of can influence them to act in ways that feel out of control. Psychoanalysis investigates how people's experiences form who they are and how events from the past can cause them to react negatively to the present. According to Freud's theory, early risk factors have a significant impact on psychological development and adjustment in adulthood, including psychopathology. Gaensbauer and Jordan found links between early trauma and adult symptomatology in nearly all cases (Gaensbauer & Jordan, 2009). There are many evidences linking adverse experiences (those that are not clinically classified as traumatic) to adolescent and adult psychopathology (Clark, Thatcher, & Martin, 2010) (McLaughlin, Green, & Gruber, 2010)

Attachment Theory

Attachment theory, first developed by John Bowlby and later expanded by Mary D. Salter Ainsworth, proposes how primates form strong emotional bonds with their significant ones, especially their primary caregivers. And these interactions between infants and their caregivers have been shown to influence an individual's emotional development and subsequent stability. The link between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and attachment theory focuses on how the parent and infant relationship can later on impact mental health and physical outcomes and life satisfaction (Murphy, et al., 2016). Attachment theory proposes a theoretical relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and sexually abusive behaviors, implying that insecure attachments caused by ACEs will lead to later offending behaviors (Grady, Levenson, & Bolder, 2017). A study on college students' mental health has found that ACEs and insecure attachment are associated with increased depressive symptoms, while mindfulness and secure attachment are associated with reduction of symptoms (Bowers, et al., 2021). ACEs may impact attachment theory by reducing children's ability to form stable attachments, as well as decreasing hope in adults (Munoz, Pharris, & Hellm, 2021).

Social Learning Theory

According to psychologist Albert Bandura, social learning theory holds that most human behavior is learned by observation through modeling: by observing others, we acquire ideas about how to perform new behaviors, and then this encoded information serves as instructions for action (Bandura, 1997). According to social learning theory, learning is primarily or solely the result of modeling, imitation, and other social interactions. Children constantly imitate the actions or behaviors they see in their peers or in their social circle. Social Learning theory is essential to understanding the relationship between ACEs and the negative behaviors that accompany them (Fox, Perez, Cass, Baglivio MT, & Epps, 2015) (Hicks, Kernsmith, & Smith-Darden, 2020).

Developmental Psychopathology

Developmental psychopathology is the study and prediction of maladaptive behaviors and processes across lifespan. Developmental psychopathology brings together a variety of disciplines to study individual adaptation and maladaptation during development and how adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can influence to mental health outcomes in this framework (Hawes & Allen, 2023) (Krueger, Blaney, & Dante, 2023) (Tognin, et al., 2023). Progress in the developmental psychology of ACEs has accelerated in recent years, fueled by decades of intensive multidisciplinary efforts in adjacent areas, including childhood maltreatment (Cicchetti, 2016). Major advances have been driven by ACE models, which emphasize the multidimensional nature of adversity and the relevance of developmental timing to risk and protective pathways. However, these mechanisms are not well understood, especially in culturally diverse communities. There is substantial evidence that excellent parenting protects children from the sequential risk processes caused by ACEs and therefore, parental treatments may be especially important in building resilience (Di Lemma, et al., 2019). Building on this success will require continued innovation in research methods and design, such as incorporating neurobiological indicators into intervention studies.